Published references
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These publications have a reference to ProboStat™ or other NORECS products
All 1-25 26-50 51-75 76-100 101-125 126-150 151-175 176-200 201-225 226-250 251-275 276-300 301-325 326-350 351-375 376-400 401-425 426-450 451-475 476-500 501-525 526-550 551-575 576-600 601-625 626-650 651-675 676-Synthesis and properties of La0.05Ba0.95Ti1 −xMyO3 (M = Mn, Ce) as anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells
ID=337| Authors |
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| Source |
Solid State Ionics
Volume: 283,
Pages: 21–29 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | Stoichiometric and sub-stoichiometric lanthanum barium titanates (LBT) of perovskite structure type, substituted or not with Mn and/or Ce at the Ti-site, were prepared by sol–gel route with heat treatment in air. All the compounds display a cubic Pm-3m symmetry, which remains stable in reducing atmosphere. Whereas Mn substitution highly promotes the reducibility of the material, the electrical and electrochemical performance of Mn-doped compounds is decreased with respect to non-doped sub-stoichiometric LBT. In contrast, the electrical conductivity and resistance polarization of Ce-substituted LBT are close to those of non-doped LBT and Ce-substituted LBT appears especially efficient in improving the catalytic properties for methane steam reforming and avoiding carbon formation. |
| Keywords | SOFC; Anode; Perovskite; Barium titanate; Impedance electrochemical spectroscopy; Methane steam reforming |
| Remark |
doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2015.11.005 Link |
Molybdenum doped Pr0.5Ba0.5MnO3−δ (Mo-PBMO) double perovskite as a potential solid oxide fuel cell anode material
ID=336| Authors |
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| Source |
Journal of Power Sources
Volume: 301,
Pages: 237–241 Time of Publication: 2016 |
| Abstract | A layered Mo doped Pr0.5Ba0.5MnO3−δ (Mo-PBMO) double perovskite oxide was prepared by a modified sol–gel method and the properties of the fabricated material are characterized by various technologies. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), H2-temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR), NH3-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrate that the treatment in reducing atmosphere at high temperature lead to a significant phase transformation of the material to a single cubic phase as well as with the Mo in multiple oxidized states. Such character leads to the production of large amount of oxygen deficiency with facilitated oxygen diffusion. The electrochemical performance tests of half-cell and single cell SOFCs exhibit the promoted effect of Mo on catalytic activity for the oxidation of H2 and CH4, indicating that Mo-PBMO could serve as an anode material candidate for SOFCs. |
| Keywords | Mo; Pr0.5Ba0.5MnO3−δ; Double perovskite; Anode; SOFC |
| Remark |
doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.09.127 Link |
Experimental and molecular dynamics study of thermo-physical and transport properties of ThO2-5wt.%CeO2 mixed oxides
ID=335| Authors |
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| Source |
Journal of Nuclear Materials
Volume: 467,
Issue: 2,
Pages: 644–659 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | We have determined the thermo-physical (elastic modulus, specific heat, thermal expansion and thermal conductivity) and transport (ionic conductivity) properties of ThO2-5wt.%CeO2 mixed oxide (MOX) using a combined experimental and theoretical methodology. The specific heat, ionic conductivity and elastic properties of ThO2-5wt.%CeO2 pellets prepared by conventional powder metallurgy (POP) and coated agglomerate pelletization (CAP) routes (sintered in both air and Ar-8%H2 atmosphere) are compared with respect to homogeneity (CeO2 distribution in ThO2 matrix), microstructure, porosity and oxygen to metal ratio. The effects of inhomogeneity and pore distribution on thermal expansion and thermal conductivity of the mixed-oxide pellets are identified. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the Coulomb-Buckingham-Morse-many-body model based interatomic potentials are used to predict elastic properties in the temperature range between 300 and 2000 K and thermodynamic properties, viz., enthalpy increment and specific heats of ThO2. Finally, the thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity of ThO2 and (Th,Ce)O2 mixed-oxides obtained from MD are compared with available experimental results. |
| Keywords | ThO2-5%CeO2 MOX; Specific heat; Ionic conductivity; Temperature dependent elastic properties; Molecular dynamics simulation |
| Remark |
doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.10.053 Link |
Effect of Cerium on the Electrical Properties of a Cobalt Conversion Coating for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Interconnects – A Study Using Impedance Spectroscopy
ID=334| Authors |
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| Source |
Electrochimica Acta
Volume: 184,
Pages: 301–307 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | Coatings of metallic cobalt, which convert into a cobalt manganese spinel oxide are known to improve the properties of interconnects for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The addition of cerium to the cobalt coating further improves the corrosion properties of the material. For this study traditional four-point DC measurements at high temperatures were combined with impedance spectroscopy at low temperatures in order to investigate the effect of cerium on the electrical properties of a cobalt conversion coating. It was found that combination-coatings of cerium and cobalt exhibit superior electrical properties compared to pure cobalt coatings. Cerium slows down the growth of chromia and prevents the outward diffusion of iron into the cobalt spinel layer. Both effects are beneficial for the electrical properties of the interconnect. Impedance spectroscopy measurements revealed that even after more than 3000 h of exposure the outer cobalt manganese spinel layer still has a higher electrical conductivity when cerium was present. |
| Remark |
doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.111 Link |
Lithium Polymer Electrolytes Based on Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) for Lithium Polymer Batteries
ID=333| Authors |
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| Source |
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
Volume: 2015,
Issue: 32,
Pages: 5395–5404 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | We studied a lithium-ion conducting polymer based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI). Self-standing membranes were prepared by the solvent-casting technique with a LiTFSI loading of 0 to 30 wt.-%. The thermogravimetric analysis curves showed that the SO3H groups decompose earlier in the SPEEK–LiTFSI membranes than in pure SPEEK, owing to interactions between the Li+ ions and the SO3H groups. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry studies showed that the addition of LiTFSI decreased the crystallinity and the glass-transition temperature of the polymer, which revealed the plasticizing effect of the lithium salt on the polymer matrix. The 7Li NMR spectroscopy results showed a single central transition line at around δ = –1.2 ppm, which indicated the presence of free mobile lithium ions. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the membrane showed it to be mechanically stable up to 100 °C, a prerequisite for flexible lithium polymer batteries. The highest room-temperature conductivity in the order of 10–5 S cm–1 was observed for the 20 wt.-% LiTFSI-doped SPEEK membrane, which increased to 5 × 10–4 S cm–1 at 100 °C. |
| Keywords | Lithium batteries;Polymer electrolytes;Dynamic mechanical analysis;Raman spectroscopy;Ion pairs |
| Remark |
DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500649 Link |
Exceptional hydrogen permeation of all-ceramic composite robust membranes based on BaCe0.65Zr0.20Y0.15O3−δ and Y- or Gd-doped ceria
ID=332| Authors |
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| Source |
Energy Environ. Sci.
Volume: 8,
Pages: 3675-3686 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | Mixed proton and electron conductor ceramic composites were examined as hydrogen separation membranes at moderate temperatures (higher than 500 °C). In particular, dense ceramic composites of BaCe0.65Zr0.20Y0.15O3−δ (BCZ20Y15) and Ce0.85M0.15O2−δ (M = Y and Gd, hereafter referred to as YDC15 and GDC15), as protonic and electronic conducting phases respectively, were successfully prepared and tested as hydrogen separation membranes. The mixture of these oxides improved both chemical and mechanical stability and increased the electronic conductivity in dual-phase ceramic membranes. The synthetic method and sintering conditions were optimized to obtain dense and crack free symmetric membranes. The addition of ZnO as a sintering aid allowed achieving robust and dense composites with homogeneous grain distribution. The chemical compatibility between the precursors and the influence of membrane composition on electrical properties and H2 permeability performances were thoroughly investigated. The highest permeation flux was attained for the 50 : 50 volume ratio BCZ20Y15–GDC15 membrane when the feed and the sweep sides of the membrane were hydrated, reaching values of 0.27 mL min−1 cm−2 at 755 °C on a 0.65 mm thick membrane sample, currently one of the highest H2 fluxes obtained for bulk mixed protonic–electronic membranes. Increasing the temperature to 1040 °C, increased the hydrogen flux up to 2.40 mL min−1 cm−2 when only the sweep side was hydrated. The H2 separation process is attributed to two cooperative mechanisms, i.e. proton transport through the membrane and H2 production via the water splitting reaction coupled with oxygen ion transport. Moreover, these composite systems demonstrated a very good chemical stability under a CO2-rich atmosphere such as catalytic reactors for hydrogen generation. |
| Remark |
DOI: 10.1039/C5EE01793A Link |
The effect of Cu2O nanoparticle dispersion on the thermoelectric properties of n-type skutterudites
ID=331| Authors |
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| Source |
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
Volume: 48,
Issue: 45
Time of Publication: 2015
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| Abstract | We report the thermoelectric properties of Ba0.4Co4Sb12 and Sn0.4Ba0.4Co4Sb12 skutterudites dispersed with Cu2O nanoparticles. The samples were synthesized by ball milling and consolidated by spark plasma sintering. Dispersion of Cu2O is found to significantly influence the electrical resistivity and thermopower at high temperatures with a more pronounced effect on the electrical resistivity due to the energy filtering effect at the interface between Cu2O nanoparticles and a Ba0.4Co4Sb12 and Sn0.4Ba0.4Co4Sb12 matrix. At 573 K, the electrical resistivity of Ba0.4Co4Sb12 decreases from 5.01 × 10−5 Ωm to 2.98 × 10−5 Ωm upon dispersion of Cu2O. The dispersion of Cu2O reduces the thermal conductivity of the samples from 300 K and above by increasing the phonon scattering. The lowest observed thermal conductivity at 573 K is found to be 2.001 W mK−1 in Cu2O dispersed Ba0.4Co4Sb12 while it is 2.91 W mK−1 in the Ba0.4Co4Sb12 sample without Cu2O dispersion. Hence Cu2O dispersion plays a significant role in the thermoelectric properties and a maximum figure of merit (ZT ) ~ 0.92 is achieved in Cu2O dispersed Ba0.4Co4Sb12 at 573 K which is more than 200% compared to the pure Ba0.4Co4Sb12 sample. The results from nanoindentation experiments show that the Cu2O dispersed sample (Cu2O + Sn0.4Ba0.4Co4Sb11.6) has a higher reduced Youngs modulus (~139 GPa) than the pure Sn0.4Ba0.4Co4Sb11.6 sample (~128 GPa). |
| Remark | Link |
Oxygen permeation and creep behavior of Ca1−xSrxTi0.6Fe0.15Mn0.25O3−δ (x=0, 0.5) membrane materials
ID=329| Authors |
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| Source |
Journal of Membrane Science
Volume: 449,
Pages: 172–178 Time of Publication: 2016 |
| Abstract | Oxygen permeation measurements were performed on dense symmetric samples of Ca0.5Sr0.5Ti0.6Fe0.15Mn0.25O3−δ and compared to CaTi0.6Fe0.15Mn0.25O3−δ in order to assess the influence of the perovskite lattice volume on oxygen permeation. Oxygen flux measurements were performed in the temperature range 700–1000 °C and as function of feed side pO2pO2 from 10−2 to 1 bar, and at high pressures up to 4 bar with a pO2pO2 of 3.36 bar. The O2 permeability of the Sr-doped sample was significantly lower than that of the Sr-free sample, amounting to 3.9×10−3 mL min−1 cm−1 at 900 °C for a feed side pO2pO2 of 0.21 bar. The O2 permeability of CaTi0.6Fe0.15Mn0.25O3−δ shows little variation with increased feed side pressures and reaches 1.5×10−2 mL min−1 cm−1 at 900 °C for a feed side pO2pO2 of 3.36 bar. This is approximately 1.5 times higher than the O2 permeability with a feed side pO2pO2 of 0.21 bar. Furthermore, in order to assess the applicability of CaTi0.6Fe0.15Mn0.25O3−δ as an oxygen membrane material, creep tests were performed under compressive loads of 30 and 63 MPa, respectively, in air in the temperature range 700–1000 °C; the results indicate a high creep resistance for this class of materials. The measured O2 permeabilities and creep rates are compared with other state-of-the-art membrane materials and their performance for relevant applications is discussed in terms of chemical and mechanical stability. |
| Keywords | Dense ceramic oxygen membrane; Ambipolar transport; Creep; CaTiO3; Calcium titanate |
| Remark |
doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2015.10.016 Link |
Comparative study of the electrochemical promotion of CO2 hydrogenation on Ru using Na+, K+, H+ and O2 − conducting solid electrolytes
ID=328| Authors |
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| Source |
Surface Science
Time of Publication: 2015
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| Abstract | The kinetics and the electrochemical promotion of the hydrogenation of CO2 to CH4 and CO are compared for Ru porous catalyst films deposited on Na+, K+, H+ and O2 − conducting solid electrolyte supports. It is found that in all four cases increasing catalyst potential and work function enhances the methanation rate and selectivity. Also in all four cases the rate is positive order in H2 and exhibits a maximum with respect to CO2. At the same time the reverse water gas shift reaction (RWGS) which occurs in parallel exhibits a maximum with increasing pH2pH2 and is positive order in CO2. Also in all cases the selectivity to CH4 increases with increasing pH2pH2 and decreases with increasing pCO2pCO2. These results provide a lucid demonstration of the rules of chemical and electrochemical promotion which imply that (∂r/∂Φ)(∂r/∂pD) > 0 and (∂r/∂Φ)(∂r/∂pA) < 0, where r denotes a catalytic rate, Φ is the catalyst work function and pD and pA denote the electron donor and electron acceptor reactant partial pressures respectively. |
| Keywords | Effect of Ru catalyst support and potential on product selectivity. |
| Remark |
In Press, doi:10.1016/j.susc.2015.09.011 Link |
Electrochemical promotion of the hydrogenation of CO2 on Ru deposited on a BZY proton conductor
ID=327| Authors |
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| Source |
Journal of Catalysis
Volume: 331,
Pages: 98–109 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | he kinetics and the electrochemical promotion of the hydrogenation of CO2 on polycrystalline Ru deposited on BZY (BaZr0.85Y0.15O3−α + 1 wt% NiO), a proton conductor in wet atmospheres, with α ≈ 0.075, was investigated at temperatures 300–450 °C and atmospheric pressure. Methane and CO were the only detectable products and the selectivity to CH4 could be reversibly controlled between 15% and 65% by varying the catalyst potential by less than 1.2 V. The rate and the selectivity to CH4 are very significantly enhanced by proton removal from the catalyst via electrochemically controlled spillover of atomic H from the catalyst surface to the proton-conducting support. The effect is strongly non-Faradaic and the apparent Faradaic efficiency of methanation takes values up to 500 and depends strongly on the porous Ru catalyst film thickness. The observed strong promotional effect, in conjunction with the observed reaction kinetics, is in good agreement with the rules of electrochemical and chemical promotion. |
| Keywords | Hydrogenation of CO2; CO2 methanation; Ru catalyst; RWGS reaction; BZY proton conducting support; Selectivity modification; Electrochemical promotion of catalysis (EPOC); Non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity (NEMCA effect) |
| Remark |
doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2015.08.023 Link |
Electrochemical Promotion of Ir0.5Pt0.5O2/YSZ
ID=326| Authors |
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| Source |
Topics in Catalysis
Volume: 58,
Issue: 18,
Pages: 1270-1275 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | A high surface area, nanostructured bimetallic oxide catalyst, Ir0.5Pt0.5O2, deposited on YSZ was studied for the electrochemical promotion of ethylene oxidation. The catalyst was synthesized using the modified Adams fusion method and was characterized regarding its structure, morphology and specific surface area via XPS, XRD, HRTEM, SEM and BET. Regarding the performance for electrochemical promotion, it was found that the rate of ethylene oxidation can be enhanced significantly and in a strongly non-faradaic manner via positive potential application, exhibiting strongly electrophobic behaviour. |
| Keywords | Electrochemical promotion, EPOC, Ir0.5Pt0.5O2, Adams fusion method |
| Remark | Link |
Enhanced Carbon Deposition Tolerance of SOFC Anodes Under Triode Operation
ID=325| Authors |
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| Source |
Topics in Catalysis
Volume: 58,
Issue: 18,
Pages: 1303-1310 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | The triode fuel cell design and operation concept was applied as an alternative means for controlling and enhancing the carbon tolerance of state-of-the-art solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes. The triode cell configuration entails the introduction of a third electrode in addition to the anode and cathode, driven by an auxiliary circuit which is run in electrolytic mode. In this way the cell is forced to operate at controlled potential differences that are inaccessible under standard operation, and thus introduces a controllable variable into fuel cell operation. In the present study, the effectiveness of the triode approach was evaluated for the in situ control of the rate of carbon deposition in commercial multilayer NiO–GDC and NiO–YSZ SOFC anodes. The study involved typical and triode operation of SOFC button cells under CH4 steam reforming conditions, and it was found that the application of a small electrolytic current under triode operation resulted in significantly less carbon built-up on the anode compared to the standard SOFC operation. |
| Keywords | SOFC Triode fuel cell operation, Anode degradation, Carbon formation, CH4 steam reforming |
| Remark | Link |
Development of a Coking-Resistant NiSn Anode for the Direct Methane SOFC
ID=324| Authors |
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| Source |
Fuel Cells
Volume: 15,
Issue: 5,
Pages: 711–717 |
| Abstract | The present work reports on the development of a coking-resistant NiSn-based membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for internal CH4 reforming in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Catalyst powder was prepared in a centrifugal casting oven by melting stoichiometric amounts of Ni and Sn under vacuum. The formation of Ni3Sn2 intermetallic phase was confirmed by XRD analysis. Catalytic activity for CH4 reforming and stability of the NiSn powder were first evaluated in a quartz glass reactor for 4 h at 600–1,000 °C. The main reaction products H2 and CO were detected by gas chromatography while no carbon formation was detected during the experiments. Then, 3YSZ electrolyte-supported MEAs were fabricated with a Ni3Sn2/YSZ anode and LSM/YSZ cathode and characterized under SOFC conditions. The MEA showed an excellent stability under CH4 atmosphere (3% H2O) at 850 °C over more than 650 h. No substantial decrease in cell potential was observed during this period. |
| Keywords | Anode Material;Intermetallic Phase;Internal Reforming;Methane;Nickel-Tin Alloy;Ni3Sn2;SOFC;Solid Oxide Fuel Cell |
| Remark |
DOI: 10.1002/fuce.201400187 Link |
Hardening in non-stoichiometric (1−x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–xBaTiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics
ID=323| Authors |
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| Source |
Journal of Materials Science
Volume: 51,
Issue: 1,
Pages: 476-486 Time of Publication: 2016 |
| Abstract | The role of A-site non-stoichiometry was investigated in lead-free piezoelectric ceramics based on compositions in the 1 − x(Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3)–xBaTiO3 system near the morphotropic phase boundary, where x = 0.055, 0.06, and 0.07. Donor doping was introduced through the addition of excess Bi, however, there were no changes in the crystal structure. In contrast, acceptor doping was introduced through the addition of excess Na and was found to promote rhombohedral distortions. A significant improvement of dielectric properties was observed in donor-doped compositions and, in contrast, a degradation in properties was observed in acceptor-doped compositions. Compared to the stoichiometric composition, the acceptor-doped compositions displayed a significant increase in coercive field (E c) which is an indication of domain wall pinning as found in hard Pb(Zr x Ti1−x )O3. This result was further confirmed via remanent polarization hysteresis analyses. Moreover, all A-site acceptor-doped compositions also exhibited an increase in mechanical quality factor (Q m) as well as a decrease in piezoelectric coefficient (d 33), dielectric loss (tan δ), remanent polarization (P r), and dielectric permittivity, which are all the typical characteristics of the effects of “hardening.” The mechanism for the observed hardening in A-site acceptor-doped BNT-based systems is linked to changes in the long-range domain structure and defect chemistry. |
| Remark | Link |
Copper Iron Conversion Coating for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Interconnects
ID=322| Authors |
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| Source |
Journal of Power Sources
Volume: 297,
Pages: 534–539 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | A conversion coating of iron and copper was investigated with the purpose of increasing the performance of Sanergy HT as a potential SOFC interconnect material. Samples were exposed to a simulated cathode atmosphere (air, 3 % H2O) for durations of up to 1000 h at 850 °C. Their performance in terms of corrosion, chromium evaporation and electrical resistance (ASR) was monitored and compared to uncoated and cobalt-coated Sanergy HT samples. The copper iron coating had no negative effects on corrosion protection and decreased chromium evaporation by about 80%. An Area Specific Resistance (ASR) of 10 mΩcm2 was reached after 1000 h of exposure. Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed well adherent oxide layers comprised of an inner chromia layer and an outer spinel oxide layer. |
| Keywords | Interconnect; Corrosion; Chromium volatilization; Sanergy HT; SOFC; Area specific resistance |
| Remark |
doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.139 Link |
Atomic structure and ionic conductivity of glassy materials based on silver sulfide
ID=321| Authors |
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| Source |
Volume: 79,
Issue: 6,
Pages: 719-722 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | The effect of the composition of glassy ionic conductors AgGe1 + x As1–x S3 and the composites based on these materials containing single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) AgGe1+x As1–x (S + CNT)3, on the atomic structure and ionic conductivity is analyzed. |
| Remark | Link |
Protons in piezoelectric langatate; La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14
ID=320| Authors |
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| Source |
Solid State Ionics
Volume: 278,
Pages: 275–280 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | This contribution reports the hydration and electrical transport properties of effectively acceptor doped single crystalline and polycrystalline langatate, La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14. The electrical properties are investigated over wide ranges of pH2OpH2O, pD2OpD2O and pO2pO2 in the temperature range 400 to 1000 °C. Acceptor doped langatate is dominated by oxygen vacancies in dry atmospheres and at high temperatures, and by protonic defects in wet atmospheres and at lower temperatures. The corresponding standard hydration enthalpy and entropy are − 90 ± 5 kJ/mol and − 130 ± 5 J/mol K, respectively. Further, all compositions display pure proton conductivity in wet atmospheres below 700 °C with a proton mobility enthalpy in the range of 70–75 kJ/mol, depending on doping level and crystallographic direction. Hence, protons are important for the physiochemical properties of langatate even at 1000 °C, and could therefore influence the behavior of langatate-based resonator devices. The proton conductivity is slightly anisotropic, being higher in the X- and Y- than in the Z-direction. At high temperatures and under dry conditions, electron holes and oxide ions dominate the conductivity, and the enthalpy of mobility of vacancies is 140 ± 5 kJ/mol. |
| Keywords | Langatate; Piezoelectric; Defects; Protons; Conductivity |
| Remark |
doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2015.06.024 Link |
Tetragonal tungsten bronzes Nb8−xW9+xO47−δ: optimization strategies and transport properties of a new n-type thermoelectric oxide
ID=319| Authors |
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| Source |
Materials Horizons
Issue: 5,
Pages: 519-527 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | Engineering of nanoscaled structures may help controlling the electrical and thermal transport in solids, in particular for thermoelectric applications that require the combination of low thermal conductivity and low electrical resistivity. The tetragonal tungsten bronzes Nb8−xW9+xO47 (TTB) allow a continuous variation of the charge carrier concentration while fulfilling at the same time the concept of a “phonon-glass electron-crystal” through a layered nanostructure defined by intrinsic crystallographic shear planes. The thermoelectric properties of the tetragonal tungsten bronzes Nb8−xW9+xO47−δ (0 < x < 2) were studied in the temperature range from 373 to 973 K. Structural defects and the thermal stability under various oxygen partial pressure pO2 were investigated by means of thermogravimetry, HR-TEM, and XRD. Nb8W9O47−δ was found stable at 973 K and a pO2 of ≈10−15 atm. The oxygen nonstoichiometry δ can reach up to 0.3, depending on the applied atmosphere. By increasing the substitution level x, the electrical resistivity ρ and the Seebeck coefficient S decreased. For x = 2, ρ reached 20 mΩ cm at 973 K, combined with a Seebeck coefficient of approximately −120 μV K−1. The thermal conductivity was low for all samples, ranging from 1.6 to 2.0 W K−1 m−1, attributed to the complex crystal structure. The best thermoelectric figure of merit zT of the investigated samples was 0.043, obtained for x = 2 at 973 K, but it is expected to increase significantly upon a further increase of x. The control of the oxygen non-stoichiometry δ opens a second independent optimization strategy for tetragonal tungsten bronzes. |
| Remark |
DOI: 10.1039/C5MH00033E Link |
EuBaCo2O5+δ-Ce0.9Gd0.1O2−δ composite cathodes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells: high electrochemical performance and oxygen reduction kinetics
ID=318| Authors |
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| Source |
Electrochimica Acta
Volume: 174,
Pages: 608–614 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | The characteristics and electrochemical performance of double perovskite EuBaCo2O5+δ (EBCO) have been investigated as a composite cathode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The thermal expansion coefficients can be effectively reduced in the case of EBCO-Ce0.9Gd0.1O2−δ (CGO) composite cathodes. No chemical reactions between EBCO cathode and CGO electrolyte are observed after sintering at 1000 °C for 24 h. The maximum electrical conductivities of EBCO-CGO materials reach 28-77 S cm−1 with the change of CGO weight ratio from 40 wt. % to 5 wt. %. Among all these components, the EBCO-10 wt. % CGO (EBCO-10CGO) composite cathode gives the lowest area-specific resistance of 0.055 and 0.26 Ω cm2 in air at 700 and 600 °C, respectively. The maximum power density of Ni-CGO anode-supported single cell consisted of the EBCO-10CGO composite cathode and CGO electrolyte achieves 0.81 W cm−2 at 700 °C. These results indicate that the EBCO-10CGO composite materials can be used as a promising cathode candidate for IT-SOFCs. Furthermore, the rate-limiting steps for the oxygen reduction reaction at the EBCO-10CGO composite cathode interface are determined to be the charge transfer and dissociation of adsorbed molecule oxygen processes. |
| Keywords | Intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells; cathode materials; electrochemical performance; oxygen reduction kinetics |
| Remark |
doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.059 Link |
Multilayer ceramic capacitors based on relaxor BaTiO3-Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 for temperature stable and high energy density capacitor applications
ID=317| Authors |
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| Source |
Applied Physics Letters
Volume: 106,
Pages: 252901 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | The need for miniaturization without compromising cost and performance continues to motivate research in advanced capacitor devices. In this report, multilayerceramiccapacitors based on relaxor BaTiO3-Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 (BT-BZT) were fabricated and characterized. In bulk ceramic embodiments, BT-BZT has been shown to exhibit relative permittivities greater than 1000, high resistivities (ρ > 1 GΩ-cm at 300 °C), and negligible saturation up to fields as high as 150 kV/cm. Multilayercapacitor embodiments were fabricated and found to exhibit similar dielectric and resistivity properties. The energy density for the multilayerceramics reached values of ∼2.8 J/cm3 at room temperature at an applied electric field of ∼330 kV/cm. This represents a significant improvement compared to commercially available multilayercapacitors. The dielectric properties were also found to be stable over a wide range of temperatures with a temperature coefficient of approximately −2000 ppm/K measured from 50 to 350 °C, an important criteria for high temperature applications. Finally, the compatibility of inexpensive Ag-Pd electrodes with these ceramics was also demonstrated, which can have implications on minimizing the device cost. |
| Remark |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4922947 Link |
Electrical conductivity of Zn-doped high temperature proton conductor LaNbO4
ID=316| Authors |
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| Source |
Solid State Ionics
Volume: 278,
Pages: 152–156 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | Zn-doped LaNbO4 (La1 − xZnxNbO4 − δ, LZ100x) was prepared by a solid-state reaction method with x = 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, 0.03 and 0.05 and investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and conductivity measurement. There were no XRD and TEM evidences of formed secondary phases in the composition range of x ≤ 0.03 due to the sensitivity. However, the solubility of Zn, less than 1.0 mol.%, was reasonable, according the variety of the grain sizes, conductivity, as well as the activation energy for the conductivity, with the increasing concentration of Zn. The conductivity of LaNbO4 was improved by one to two orders of magnitude with Zn doping in the research range; and the highest conductivity of 9.8 × 10− 4 S cm− 1 was obtained with LZ0.5 at 900 °C in wet air. |
| Keywords | LaNbO4; Conductivity; Zn doping; Grain size |
| Remark |
doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2015.06.011 Link |
Gd- and Pr-based double perovskite cobaltites as oxygen electrodes for proton ceramic fuel cells and electrolyser cells
ID=315| Authors |
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| Source |
Solid State Ionics
Volume: 278,
Pages: 120–132 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | Double perovskite oxides BaGd0.8La0.2Co2O6−δ (BGLC), BaGdCo1.8Fe0.2O6−δ (BGCF), BaPrCo2O6−δ (BPC) and BaPrCo1.4Fe0.6O6−δ (BPCF) were investigated as oxygen electrodes on mixed conducting BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O3 (BZCY72) electrolyte using impedance spectroscopy vs temperature, pO2, and pH2O. We propose and have applied a novel approach to extract and parameterise the charge transfer and diffusion impedances of the electrode reactions in a system comprising charge transport of protons, oxide ions, and electrons. Given by the properties of the BZCY72, transport of protons dominates at lower temperatures and high pH2O, oxide ions at higher temperatures, and electron holes increasingly at high temperatures and high pO2. The electrodes showed good performance, with the lowest total apparent polarisation resistance for BGLC/BZCY72 being 0.05 and 10 Ωcm2 at 650 and 350 °C, respectively. The low temperature rate limiting reaction step is a surface related process, involving protonic species, with an activation energy of approximately 50 kJ mol−1 for BGLC/BZCY72. The oxide ion transport taking over at higher temperatures exhibits a higher activation energy typical of SOFC cathodes. Thermogravimetric studies revealed that BGLC exhibits considerable protonation at 300–400 °C, which may be interpreted as hydration with an enthalpy of approximately –50 kJ mol−1. The resulting mixed proton electron conduction may explain its good performance as electrode on BZCY72. |
| Keywords | PCFC; PCEC; P-MIEC; Proton conductor; Mixed conductivity; Double perovskite |
| Remark |
doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2015.05.014 Link |
Praseodymium-deficiency Pr0.94BaCo2O6-δ double perovskite: A promising high performance cathode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells
ID=313| Authors |
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| Source |
Journal of Power Sources
Volume: 239,
Pages: 741–750 Time of Publication: 2015 |
| Abstract | Praseodymium-deficiency Pr0.94BaCo2O6-δ (P0.94BCO) double perovskite has been evaluated as a cathode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells. X-ray diffraction pattern shows the orthorhombic structure with double lattice parameters from the primitive perovskite cell in Pmmm space group. P0.94BCO has a good chemical compatibility with Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (CGO) electrolyte even at 1000 °C for 24 h. It is observed that the Pr-deficiency can introduce the extra oxygen vacancies in P0.94BCO, further enhancing its electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction. P0.94BCO demonstrates the promising cathode performance as evidenced by low polarization are-specific resistance (ASR), e. g. 0.11 Ω cm2 and low cathodic overpotential e. g. −56 mV at a current density of −78 mA cm−2 at 600 °C in air. These features are comparable to those of the benchmark cathode Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ. The fuel cell CGO-Ni|CGO|P0.94BCO presents the attractive peak power density of 1.05 W cm−2 at 600 °C. Furthermore, the oxygen reduction kinetics of P0.94BCO material is also investigated, and the rate-limiting steps for oxygen reduction reaction are determined. |
| Keywords | Intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell; Cathode material; Double perovskite; Electrochemical performance; Oxygen reduction reaction |
| Remark |
doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.007 Link |
Reduced long term electrical resistance in Ce/Co-coated ferritic stainless steel for solid oxide fuel cell metallic interconnects
ID=312| Authors |
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| Source |
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Volume: 40,
Issue: 27,
Pages: 8579–8585 |
| Abstract | The present study is focused on the influence of selected coatings on a ferritic stainless steel (Sanergy HT™, Sandvik) on the evolution of the area specific resistance (ASR) as a function of time at high temperature. The samples are exposed in humidified air at 850 °C for up to 4200 h. It combines long-term ASR measurements with the thermogravimetric behavior and microstructural analysis of the cross sections by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that uncoated and Co-coated Sanergy HT™ exhibit similar oxidation kinetics and comparable ASRs, while a combined Ce/Co coating improves oxidation resistance and, consequently, reduces the ASR significantly. Other reports have earlier shown that Co- (and Ce/Co)-coated Sanergy HT™ reduces the evaporation of volatile chromium species. Overall, the study indicates that Ce/Co-coatings will render substantially improved performance for ferritic steel interconnects for solid oxide fuel cells. |
| Keywords | Metallic coating; SOFC; Interconnects; Stainless steel; Conductivity; ASR |
| Remark |
doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.04.147 Link |
Resistivity Enhancement and Transport Mechanisms in (1 − x)BaTiO3–xBi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 and (1 − x)SrTiO3–xBi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3
ID=311| Author |
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| Source |
Journal of the American Ceramic Society
Time of Publication: 2015
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| Abstract | Ceramics of composition (1−x)BaTiO3–xBi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 (BT-BZT) were prepared by solid-state synthesis; they have been shown to exhibit excellent properties suited for high-temperature dielectric applications. The X-ray diffraction data showed a single-phase perovskite structure for all the compositions prepared (x ≤ 0.1 BZT). The compositions with less than 0.075 BZT exhibited tetragonal symmetry at room temperature and pseudo-cubic symmetry above it. Most notably, a significant improvement in insulation properties was measured with the addition of BZT. Both low-field AC impedance and high-field direct DC measurements indicated an increase in resistivity of at least two orders of magnitude at 400°C with the addition of just 0.03 BZT (~107 Ω-cm) into the solid solution as compared to pure BT (~105 Ω-cm). This effect was also evident in dielectric loss data, which remained low at higher temperatures as the BZT content increased. In conjunction with band gap measurements, it was also concluded that the conduction mechanism transitioned from extrinsic for pure BT to intrinsic for 0.075 BZT suggesting a change in the fundamental defect equilibrium conditions. It was also shown that this improvement in insulation properties was not limited to BT-BZT, but could also be observed in the paraelectric SrTiO3–BZT system. |
| Remark |
DOI: 10.1111/jace.13666, Article first published online Link |
